Chu attacked the Han-Qin-Shu alliance and encountered the armies of the three kingdoms of Han.

  In the spring of 325 BC (the fourth year of Chu Huai Wang and the thirteenth year of Qin Huiwen Gong, the first year of Qin Huiwen Wang), this was the year when Qin Huiwen Wang began to call himself king and prepare to compete for dominance in the Central Plains. --- Browser input -.6９ΖW. View latest updates --- Chu Huai Wang ordered Zhao Yang to lead a large army northward, deploying troops in Xiangyang, Nanyang, Fang, and Ye, while personally leading 200,000 elite soldiers with Zhao Ying out of Dangyang, advancing towards Shangyong and Fagong (Hanzhong), claiming to punish the State of Shu in 327 BC (the second year of Chu Huai Wang) for its unrighteous invasion of Chu during the mourning period. Why did Chu Huai Wang have to go to Fagong (Hanzhong) to attack the State of Shu? Oh! It turned out that Hanzhong (now southwestern Shaanxi Province, in the area of present-day Hanzhong City) was part of the territory of the State of Shu at that time and was a necessary passage from Guanzhong to the Sichuan Basin. In the Zhou Dynasty, this area was known as Fagong, with its territory stretching from Lüeyang County to Chenggu County. Therefore, some historical books also refer to this place as Fagong. In 770 BC, due to the invasion of the Di and Quanrong tribes, a group of people from Zheng (now Hua County) fled to the southern bank of the Han River in Hanzhong and settled there, which was then called Nanzheng. Later, when the Qin state expanded its territory to eastern Shaanxi, the area around Hua County became part of the Qin state, and since 451 BC, the Qin people began building a city in Nanzheng, referring to Hanzhong as their southern Zheng. Later on, after Fagong was defeated by Shu, the territory of Fagong (Hanzhong) became part of the State of Shu. The "Huayang Guo Zhi - Shu Zhi" states: "During the reign of King Xuan of Zhou, the Marquis of Shu had control over Fagong."

  The Marquis of Shu heard that the King of Chu was leading an army of 200,000 to invade Han (Hanzhong) and avenge his grievances. He was so anxious that he could not eat or sleep. On one hand, he led the armies of Shu to rush to Han (Hanzhong), and on the other hand, he sent a letter to King Huiwen of Qin asking for help.

  King Huiwen of Qin received the Marquis of Shu's letter seeking help and immediately summoned his civil and military officials to discuss the matter. He said: "Now that the King of Chu is leading an army of 200,000 into Han (Hanzhong) to avenge his grievances, the situation is urgent and cannot be stopped. The Marquis of Shu has come to me for help, what do you think? Should we rescue him or not?"

  A minister reported: "Han (Hanzhong) is a natural pasture and granary, it is an important strategic location for Qin's southward expansion into Ba and Shu. If the king does not send troops to rescue Shu, the army of Shu will be no match for the Chu army. Within one or two months, the entire Han (Hanzhong) region will be occupied by the Chu army. Once the Chu army occupies Han (Hanzhong), they will march south and attack Shu together, and the entire state of Shu will fall to Chu. By then, it will be even more difficult for the king to plot against Ba and Shu."

  King Huiwen of Qin said: "Your words are extremely reasonable, I also have this concern. However, since the time of King Wei of Chu, their army has been strong and powerful, and now that the King of Chu is leading a heavy army, it is difficult to stop them. If I lead a large army personally, there will inevitably be a life-and-death struggle. At that time, the King of Wei will lead his army to attack our western border, and the Qin army will have to fight against two powerful enemies at once, which would not be good."

  A minister said: "The king does not need to worry about this. Currently, the Shu army still has over 100,000 soldiers. The king can send 100,000 elite troops, together with the Shu army's 200,000 soldiers, we can defeat the Chu army. Although the distance from Fangshan to Ankang is over 300 miles, it is all mountainous terrain and transportation of food and grass is not convenient. Therefore, the Chu army cannot stay in Han (Hanzhong) for long. As long as we confront them and drag out the battle, after some time, the Chu army's food and grass will be exhausted, and they will inevitably retreat. At that time, we can take advantage of the situation to attack and defeat the Chu army."

  King Huiwen of Qin said: "Good!" He immediately ordered Sima Cuo to mobilize 100,000 elite troops (30,000 cavalry and 70,000 infantry) to follow him to Han (Hanzhong) to confront the Chu army.

  In the spring of 325 BC, in the third month (the fourth year of Chu Huai Wang), Chu Huai Wang led the Chu army out of An Kang (now Ankang City) and encountered the allied forces of Qin and Shu, numbering several hundred thousand, at Han Yin (now Hanyin County). The two sides formed their cavalry and infantry into arrays on a flat plain. Chu Huai Wang rode forward to face Qin Hui Wen Wang and said: "Are you not King Hui Wen?" Qin Hui Wen Wang replied politely: "Indeed I am, and you are King Huai, aren't you? You truly have an extraordinary bearing, even more majestic than your father, King Wei." Chu Huai Wang said: "I am indeed. My late father told me that you were a man who understood reason, and that our two families had a deep relationship through marriage. Why do you repeatedly cause trouble for Chu?" Qin Hui Wen Wang replied: "It is not my intention to cause trouble for Chu. Shu is a neighboring state of Qin, and when they have difficulties, they come to me for help. Can I ignore them? Family helps family, neighbors help neighbors - this is a principle you should understand! Our two states are related by marriage, and my queen is a princess from the royal house of Chu. How could I not know that? So, I only wish to persuade both sides to lay down their arms and make peace." Chu Huai Wang said: "Shu took advantage of our country's mourning period to launch an attack on us, which was extremely arrogant." Qin Hui Wen Wang said: "This is indeed a mistake on the part of the Marquis of Shu. However, you have already vented your anger, and you have occupied Zi Yang and Suining in Shu - why not let them off? Do you want to destroy them before you will stop? Ah! I will have the Marquis of Shu apologize to you in person; if you can just give me some face, we can all make peace." After finishing speaking, he gestured for the Marquis of Shu to come forward. The Marquis of Shu was still afraid from his previous encounter with Chu Huai Wang and did not dare approach him. Qin Hui Wen Wang said: "What are you afraid of? I am here, along with my trusted general, Sima Cuo." Only then did the Marquis of Shu ride forward, trembling as he spoke: "King Huai of Chu! Last time it was my fault; please forgive me and let me off this time!" Qin Hui Wen Wang said: "This is settled then - both sides should value harmony above all else!" Chu Huai Wang listened to this and smiled coldly, saying: "A great army has been mobilized, involving the lives and property of several hundred thousand people. Can it be dispelled by just a few words?" The Marquis of Shu said: "What do you want then?" Chu Huai Wang replied: "We can make peace, but Shu must compensate us for our military expenses." The Marquis of Shu asked: "How much compensation?" Chu Huai Wang said: "Cede the region of Bo Han (Hanzhong) as reparation for our military expenses." Qin Hui Wen Wang said: "Are you not trying to coerce them?" Chu Huai Wang sternly replied: "This is a matter between Chu and Shu - what business is it of yours? You are just an outsider meddling in the affairs of others. I advise you to mind your own business and leave!" Qin Hui Wen Wang said: "I will definitely get involved in this matter today." Chu Huai Wang coldly laughed, saying: "We'll see if you have the ability to do so."

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