Thirty-Six States of Western Regions

  In 138 BC (the third year of the Jianyuan era of Emperor Wu of Han, Liu Che), Zhang Qian was sent on a mission to the Western Regions. At that time, there were thirty-six states in the Western Regions within the present borders of Xinjiang. After investigation, they are located in the following places:

  (1) Wusun - Now Xinjiang Yining City and several surrounding counties were part of the Wusun at that time. The vast majority was occupied by Tsarist Russia.

  Kucha — now in the Kucha and Bayingolin areas of Xinjiang

  Yanqi — now in Yanqi Hui Autonomous County, Xinjiang

  Yutian — now in the Hetian area of Xinjiang.

  (5) Yuè Qiāng - Now in southeastern Yutian County, Xinjiang, northwest of Lop Nur, closest to the ancient Yangguan Pass.

  (6) Loulan — now in Xinjiang, in the desert beside Lop Nur, Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. Later changed its country name to Shanshan. The remains of Loulan still exist.

  (7) Mochi Town — Located in the southwest of present-day Mochi County, Xinjiang. There is an ancient city with a circumference of 20 li standing here, with broken walls. Tang Xuanzang stopped over here on his way to fetch Buddhist scriptures.

  (8) Xiao Wan - now in Xinjiang and Mulei River in Henan, with a population of only over 1,500 people, the smallest country.

  Ronglu - now in Xinjiang's Yutian County south.

  Mí —— Present Xinjiang South Xinjiang Cele County East.

  Qule—now in the south of Zhaosu County, Xinjiang.

  (The above four small countries are all in the present Hetian East area and have been buried by the Taklamakan Desert.)

  (12) Pishan — now southeast of Xinjiang's Pishan County, near Canggui, still has the ruins of the Han-era Pishan National City, locally known as Broken City.

  Xinjiang Pishan Southwest

  Puli — now in the east of Yecheng County, Xinjiang.

  (15) Yili---Present Xinjiang Yining and Heshuo two countries are small, but since the Han and Tang Dynasties, they have been an important passage for east-west transportation. Tang Xuanzang took scriptures from Tianzhu (present-day India) back to China, passing through this place.

  (16) Shache - now in southern Xinjiang's Shache County, later merged into Yutian.

  Shule—now Kashgar City and Shule County in Xinjiang

  (18) Wei Tou — now in southern Xinjiang, Ushi and Bachu areas.

  Wensu — now in the Aksu and Wensu areas of Xinjiang.

  (20) Wei Li — now in Xinjiang Kuerle and Wei Li areas. Later was annexed by Yanqi.

  Gumu — now in Bayingolin Prefecture, Xinjiang

  (22) P'ilu — now north of Fukang County in Xinjiang

  (23) Uigurian Pheasant —— Now Xinjiang, north of Manas and Changji.

  Twenty-fourth: P'iluk (or Bilut) Country - present-day Fukang County, Xinjiang.

  (25) Shan Huan — now northeast of Manas, Xinjiang.

  (26) Typha - now in northwest of Xinjiang Bali Kunchi Kazakh Autonomous County.

  (27) Puli Houguo — now northwest of Balikun Kazak Autonomous County in Xinjiang.

  Ximoxi - now in southeastern Wusu County, Xinjiang.

  Dong Queyi - present-day west of Changji County, Xinjiang.

  Jieguo - present-day Xinjiang Hutubi northeast.

  Fox volpe - now in Xinjiang Turpan north.

  Shan Guo - now in Xinjiang Nanjiang Wushi County East

  (Thirty-Three) Cheshi Former State — now Xinjiang Turpan Jiaohe City.

  The Later Cheshi State — now Urumqi and surrounding areas in Xinjiang.

  (35) Shiche Wei Du Guo Xian Xinjiang Tulufan East South.

  (36) The country of Cheshi is now in Xinjiang, surrounding the Kizil Caves.

  In addition, there are also Dayuan, Anxi, Daxue, Kangju, Houxian, Jiankun, Wusun and other more than a dozen countries belonging to the Western Regions, which are no longer in our country's Xinjiang territory.

  Learned from the lessons of history.